Locks of hair compose a symphony of genetic information on Beethoven, 200 years after death

Locks of hair compose a symphony of genetic information on Beethoven, 200 years after death
This photo provided by the Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies, San Jose State University in March 2023, shows the Moscheles Lock, from composer Ludwig van Beethoven, with an inscription by former owner Ignaz Moscheles. Hundreds of years after Beethoven's death, researchers have pulled DNA from strands of his hair and found clues about what killed him, according to a study published Wednesday on March 22, 2023.
PHOTO: Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies, San Jose State University

LONDON - Using five locks of hair, scientists have sequenced the genome of one of history’s greatest musical composers – Ludwig van Beethoven – nearly two centuries after his death, gaining insight into his fatal liver disease but not his hearing loss.

Researchers said on Wednesday (March 22) his genome showed the German composer was both genetically predisposed to liver disease and had the hepatitis B virus infection.

An autopsy after his 1827 death at the age of 56 in Vienna determined he had cirrhosis of the liver, a disease often caused by chronic drinking.

The new findings suggest there were multiple factors behind his liver disease, including genetics, viral infection and alcohol consumption.

“Beethoven’s liver disease risk, which arises predominately from mutations in two genes – PNPLA3 and HFE – would have roughly tripled his risk for the full spectrum of progressive liver disease,” said University of Cambridge biological anthropologist Tristan Begg, lead author of the study published in the journal Current Biology.

“On their own, these risk factors are not of great concern to most people who have them, but there would have been a harmful interaction effect with his alcohol consumption,” Mr Begg said. “Prior to this study, alcohol was the only definitely known risk factor for Beethoven’s liver disease.”

The presence of the Hepatitis B virus, incorporated into Beethoven’s genome, indicated a liver infection at least a few months before his death, and maybe earlier.

Beethoven experienced progressive hearing loss starting at the age of 29, and by 44 his hearing loss was complete, though he continued to compose masterpieces.

“We were ultimately unable to find a genetic explanation for Beethoven’s hearing loss, though this by no means precludes such an explanation, as several possible explanations could not be reliably or comprehensively evaluated,” Mr Begg said.

There was no evidence found for conditions hypothesised by some experts such as otosclerosis or Paget’s disease, he added.

A towering figure in the history of Western civilisation, Beethoven was a brilliant and innovative composer of symphonies, sonatas, concertos and other pieces, along with a single opera.

Many of his works have become immortal, including his symphonies No. 5, No. 6 and No. 9, Moonlight Sonata and Fur Elise.

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In 1802, Beethoven asked in a document called the Heiligenstadt Testament that his doctor publicly describe his hearing loss and other health issues after his death so that “as far as possible at least the world will be reconciled to me”.

“Beethoven’s music continues to inspire millions, nearly 200 years after his death,” Mr Begg said. “It was valuable to carry out this study first to attempt to satisfy Beethoven’s own wishes regarding the understanding of his health, but also in the interests of more accurately conveying the facts of his biography, which were also of concern to him.”

The researchers analysed eight locks of hair from public and private collections in the United States and Europe, determining that five of them matched and were almost certainly authentic as his.

The best-preserved one, called the Stumpff Lock based on the name of a man who once possessed it, was used to sequence his genome.

“The DNA was really degraded,” said study co-author Johannes Krause, director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany.

“It was really hard to actually get enough DNA from such a sample to assemble a genome. We had to extract the DNA from more than 2m of hair from one of the locks,” he added.

The study did not pinpoint a cause for gastrointestinal issues Beethoven experienced, finding no predisposition, for example, to Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.

It also explored Beethoven’s ancestry, unearthing an unexpected detail.

Genetic data from Beethoven and five living relatives revealed there had been a child resulting from an extramarital relationship on his father’s side of the family in the generations before the composer’s birth.

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